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buckwalter2010knowledgeisntclosed
/data/papers/buckwalter2010knowledgeisntclosed/buckwalter2010knowledgeisntclosed.yamlschema_version: '1.2'
paper:
paper_id: buckwalter2010knowledgeisntclosed
citation: 'Buckwalter, W. (2010). Knowledge Isn''t Closed on Saturday: A Study in Ordinary Language.'
short_label: Buckwalter 2010
doi: 10.1007/s13164-010-0030-3
published: 'Yes'
year: 2010
language: English
language_other: null
research_objective: Test whether ordinary knowledge-attribution judgments in DeRose-style bank cases vary with stakes or
with salient error possibilities (high standards), evaluating predictions from epistemic contextualism and subject-sensitive
invariantism.
data_availability:
data_available_online: 'No'
url: null
notes: null
notes: null
studies:
- study_id: 1
label: Bank probes (SUNY Buffalo undergraduates)
language: English
language_other: null
objective: 'Compare agreement that a first-person bank-hours knowledge assertion is true across three between-subjects vignette
versions: baseline Bank, High Stakes (stakes raised), and High Standards (error possibilities made salient).'
sample:
n_final: 544
recruitment: students
recruitment_other: null
compensation: null
compensation_other: null
characteristics: "SUNY Buffalo undergraduates; ~75% age 18–20 (range 18–38); 55% male; >70% originally from New York State\
\ area;\r\nfrom large lecture courses satisfying University wide general curriculum requirements (representing a wide\
\ variety of college majors and usually taken by students as they begin their studies)"
provenance:
page: 7
quote: The population group for this study consisted of 544 undergraduate students at The State University of New York
at Buffalo. Participants were selected from large lecture courses satisfying University wide general curriculum requirements.
Such courses represent a wide variety of college majors and are usually taken by students as they begin their collegiate
studies. Of the participants, approximately 75% were between the ages of 18 and 20 (range 18–38), 55% were male, and
over 70% reported that they were originally from the New York State area.
mean_age: null
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Participants were randomly given one and only one of three probes (Bank, High Stakes, High Standards).
manipulated_factors:
- Stakes (High Stakes vignette)
- Error possibilities / epistemic standards (High Standards vignette)
paradigm: Agreement that a sentence is true
paradigm_other: null
scale:
label: Likert 5-point
points: 5
anchors: strongly disagree; disagree; neutral; agree; strongly agree
direction: Higher = more agreement that Bruno's assertion is true.
provenance:
page: 7
quote: "On a scale of 1 to 5, circle how much you agree or disagree that Bruno’s\r\nassertion, “I know the bank will\
\ be open on Saturday” is true.\r\nData was collected using a five-point scale anchored with strongly disagree, disagree,\
\ neutral, agree, and strongly agree, respectively."
measures:
knowledge_question_text: On a scale of 1 to 5, circle how much you agree or disagree that Bruno's assertion, "I know the
bank will be open on Saturday" is true.
knowledge_question_first: null
additional_question_text: null
scenarios:
- scenario_code: bank
scenario_type: Bank deposit / bank-hours vignette (DeRose-style bank cases)
high_stakes_text: "High Stakes: Sylvie and Bruno are driving home from work on a Friday afternoon. They plan to stop at\
\ the bank to deposit their paychecks. Bruno has written a very large check, and if the money from his pay is not deposited\
\ by Monday, it will bounce, leaving Bruno in a very bad situation with his creditors. As they drive past the bank,\
\ they notice that the lines inside are very long. Bruno tells Sylvie, “I was just here last week and I know that the\
\ bank will be open on Saturday.” Instead, Bruno suggests that they drive straight home and return to deposit their\
\ paychecks\r\non Saturday. When they return to the bank on Saturday, it is open for business."
low_stakes_text: "Bank: Sylvie and Bruno are driving home from work on a Friday afternoon. They plan to stop at the bank\
\ to deposit their paychecks, but as they drive past the bank they notice that the lines inside are very long. Although\
\ they generally like to deposit\r\ntheir paychecks as soon as possible, it is not especially important in this case\
\ that they be deposited right away. Bruno tells Sylvie, “I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be\
\ open on Saturday.” Instead, Bruno suggests that they drive straight home and return to deposit their paychecks on\
\ Saturday. When they return to the bank on Saturday, it is open for business."
provenance:
page: null
quote: 'Bank: "it is not especially important in this case that they be deposited right away." High Stakes: "Bruno has
written a very large check... if the money from his pay is not deposited by Monday, it will bounce..."'
effects:
- effect_id: s1_e1
subgroup: Bank vs High Stakes
subgroup_desc: Agreement that Bruno's self-ascribed knowledge assertion is true (stakes manipulation)
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: null
moderators:
scenario: bank
skeptical_pressure: 'No'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: First Person
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: 6
quote: Bank Sylvie and Bruno are driving home from work on a Friday afternoon... Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just
here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Vignette is explicitly a bank-hours case ('the bank will be open on Saturday').
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: 6
quote: High Stakes ... Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: No explicit doubt/counterconsideration about bank hours is raised in the Bank or High Stakes probes (only
stakes are raised).
awareness:
provenance:
page: 6
quote: Bruno has written a very large check, and if the money from his pay is not deposited by Monday, it will bounce,
leaving Bruno in a very bad situation with his creditors.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-stakes consequences are described as facts about Bruno's situation (implying the subject is aware of
the stakes).
evidence:
provenance:
page: 6
quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Evidence is Bruno's own recent experience/memory of visiting the bank (first-person evidence).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: 6
quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The target knowledge claim is a first-person self-ascription ('I know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: 6
quote: "Bruno tells Sylvie, “I was just here last week and I\r\nknow that the bank will be open on Saturday.”"
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: First-person evidence (memory)
contrast:
group_high: High_Stakes
group_low: Bank
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: 'Test 1: baseline Bank vs High Stakes'
groups:
- group_id: Bank
label: null
n: 183
mean: 3.83
sd: 1.065
se: null
provenance:
page: 10
quote: Bank,183 3.83,1.065
tei_id: null
table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
- group_id: High_Stakes
label: null
n: 181
mean: 3.71
sd: 1.108
se: null
provenance:
page: 10
quote: High stakes,181 3.71,1.108
tei_id: null
table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
reported_test:
test: t
t: 0.987
df1: 362.0
p: 0.243
provenance:
page: 8
quote: Differences are not significant between groups, t (362)=.987, p=.243
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.110436839422
v: 0.011006188465
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 1 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
quality_flags:
- three vignettes, comparison between 1 and 2, and 1 and third
notes: null
- effect_id: s1_e2
subgroup: Bank vs High Standards
subgroup_desc: Agreement that Bruno's self-ascribed knowledge assertion is true (error-possibility salience / high standards)
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: null
moderators:
scenario: bank
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: First Person
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: 7
quote: High Standards ... Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on
Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Vignette is explicitly a bank-hours case ('the bank will be open on Saturday').
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: 7
quote: "Sylvie says, “Banks are typically closed on Saturday. Maybe this bank won’t be open tomorrow either. Banks\
\ can always change their hours, I remember that this\r\nbank used to have different hours.”"
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High Standards probe explicitly introduces counterconsiderations/error possibilities about bank hours.
awareness:
provenance:
page: 7
quote: Although they generally like to deposit their paychecks as soon as possible, it is not especially important
in this case that they be deposited right away.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Nothing suggests stakes are hidden from the subject; the vignette describes the (low) stakes context as part
of the scenario.
evidence:
provenance:
page: 7
quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Evidence is Bruno's own recent experience/memory of visiting the bank (first-person evidence).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: 7
quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "...I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The target knowledge claim is a first-person self-ascription ('I know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: 7
quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: First-person evidence (memory)
contrast:
group_high: High_Standards
group_low: Bank
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: 'Test 2: baseline Bank vs High Standards (salient error possibilities)'
groups:
- group_id: Bank
label: null
n: 183
mean: 3.83
sd: 1.065
se: null
provenance:
page: 10
quote: Bank,183 3.83,1.065
tei_id: null
table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
- group_id: High_Standards
label: null
n: 180
mean: 3.64
sd: 1.102
se: null
provenance:
page: 10
quote: High standards,180 3.64,1.102
tei_id: null
table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
reported_test:
test: t
t: 1.637
df1: 361.0
p: 0.14
provenance:
page: 9
quote: Differences are not significant between groups, t (361)=1.637, p=.140
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.175356957931
v: 0.011062626544
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 1 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
quality_flags: []
notes: null
notes: null