schema_version: '1.2'
paper:
  paper_id: buckwalter2010knowledgeisntclosed
  citation: 'Buckwalter, W. (2010). Knowledge Isn''t Closed on Saturday: A Study in Ordinary Language.'
  short_label: Buckwalter 2010
  doi: 10.1007/s13164-010-0030-3
  published: 'Yes'
  year: 2010
  language: English
  language_other: null
  research_objective: Test whether ordinary knowledge-attribution judgments in DeRose-style bank cases vary with stakes or
    with salient error possibilities (high standards), evaluating predictions from epistemic contextualism and subject-sensitive
    invariantism.
  data_availability:
    data_available_online: 'No'
    url: null
    notes: null
  notes: null
studies:
- study_id: 1
  label: Bank probes (SUNY Buffalo undergraduates)
  language: English
  language_other: null
  objective: 'Compare agreement that a first-person bank-hours knowledge assertion is true across three between-subjects vignette
    versions: baseline Bank, High Stakes (stakes raised), and High Standards (error possibilities made salient).'
  sample:
    n_final: 544
    recruitment: students
    recruitment_other: null
    compensation: null
    compensation_other: null
    characteristics: "SUNY Buffalo undergraduates; ~75% age 18–20 (range 18–38); 55% male; >70% originally from New York State\
      \ area;\r\nfrom large lecture courses satisfying University wide general curriculum requirements (representing a wide\
      \ variety of college majors and usually taken by students as they begin their studies)"
    provenance:
      page: 7
      quote: The population group for this study consisted of 544 undergraduate students at The State University of New York
        at Buffalo. Participants were selected from large lecture courses satisfying University wide general  curriculum requirements.
        Such courses represent a wide variety of college majors and are usually taken by students as they begin their collegiate
        studies. Of the participants, approximately 75% were between the ages of 18 and 20 (range 18–38), 55% were male, and
        over 70% reported that they were originally from the New York State area.
    mean_age: null
  design: Between-Subjects
  design_other: Participants were randomly given one and only one of three probes (Bank, High Stakes, High Standards).
  manipulated_factors:
  - Stakes (High Stakes vignette)
  - Error possibilities / epistemic standards (High Standards vignette)
  paradigm: Agreement that a sentence is true
  paradigm_other: null
  scale:
    label: Likert 5-point
    points: 5
    anchors: strongly disagree; disagree; neutral; agree; strongly agree
    direction: Higher = more agreement that Bruno's assertion is true.
    provenance:
      page: 7
      quote: "On a scale of 1 to 5, circle how much you agree or disagree that Bruno’s\r\nassertion, “I know the bank will\
        \ be open on Saturday” is true.\r\nData was collected using a five-point scale anchored with strongly disagree, disagree,\
        \ neutral, agree, and strongly agree, respectively."
  measures:
    knowledge_question_text: On a scale of 1 to 5, circle how much you agree or disagree that Bruno's assertion, "I know the
      bank will be open on Saturday" is true.
    knowledge_question_first: null
    additional_question_text: null
  scenarios:
  - scenario_code: bank
    scenario_type: Bank deposit / bank-hours vignette (DeRose-style bank cases)
    high_stakes_text: "High Stakes: Sylvie and Bruno are driving home from work on a Friday afternoon. They plan to stop at\
      \ the bank to deposit their paychecks. Bruno has written a very large check, and if the money from his pay is not deposited\
      \ by Monday, it will bounce, leaving Bruno in a very bad situation with his creditors. As they drive past the bank,\
      \ they notice that the lines inside are very long. Bruno tells Sylvie, “I was just here last week and I know that the\
      \ bank will be open on Saturday.” Instead, Bruno suggests that they drive straight home and return to deposit their\
      \ paychecks\r\non Saturday. When they return to the bank on Saturday, it is open for business."
    low_stakes_text: "Bank: Sylvie and Bruno are driving home from work on a Friday afternoon. They plan to stop at the bank\
      \ to deposit their paychecks, but as they drive past the bank they notice that the lines inside are very long. Although\
      \ they generally like to deposit\r\ntheir paychecks as soon as possible, it is not especially important in this case\
      \ that they be deposited right away. Bruno tells Sylvie, “I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be\
      \ open on Saturday.” Instead, Bruno suggests that they drive straight home and return to deposit their paychecks on\
      \ Saturday. When they return to the bank on Saturday, it is open for business."
    provenance:
      page: null
      quote: 'Bank: "it is not especially important in this case that they be deposited right away." High Stakes: "Bruno has
        written a very large check... if the money from his pay is not deposited by Monday, it will bounce..."'
  effects:
  - effect_id: s1_e1
    subgroup: Bank vs High Stakes
    subgroup_desc: Agreement that Bruno's self-ascribed knowledge assertion is true (stakes manipulation)
    design: Between-Subjects
    design_other: null
    moderators:
      scenario: bank
      skeptical_pressure: 'No'
      awareness: 'Yes'
      evidence: First Person
      attribution_person: First Person
      evidence_reliability: Medium
    moderators_coding:
      scenario:
        provenance:
          page: 6
          quote: Bank Sylvie and Bruno are driving home from work on a Friday afternoon... Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just
            here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: Vignette is explicitly a bank-hours case ('the bank will be open on Saturday').
      skeptical_pressure:
        provenance:
          page: 6
          quote: High Stakes ... Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: No explicit doubt/counterconsideration about bank hours is raised in the Bank or High Stakes probes (only
          stakes are raised).
      awareness:
        provenance:
          page: 6
          quote: Bruno has written a very large check, and if the money from his pay is not deposited by Monday, it will bounce,
            leaving Bruno in a very bad situation with his creditors.
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: High-stakes consequences are described as facts about Bruno's situation (implying the subject is aware of
          the stakes).
      evidence:
        provenance:
          page: 6
          quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: Evidence is Bruno's own recent experience/memory of visiting the bank (first-person evidence).
      attribution_person:
        provenance:
          page: 6
          quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: The target knowledge claim is a first-person self-ascription ('I know...').
      evidence_reliability:
        provenance:
          page: 6
          quote: "Bruno tells Sylvie, “I was just here last week and I\r\nknow that the bank will be open on Saturday.”"
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: First-person evidence (memory)
    contrast:
      group_high: High_Stakes
      group_low: Bank
      sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
      other_notes: 'Test 1: baseline Bank vs High Stakes'
    groups:
    - group_id: Bank
      label: null
      n: 183
      mean: 3.83
      sd: 1.065
      se: null
      provenance:
        page: 10
        quote: Bank,183 3.83,1.065
        tei_id: null
        table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
    - group_id: High_Stakes
      label: null
      n: 181
      mean: 3.71
      sd: 1.108
      se: null
      provenance:
        page: 10
        quote: High stakes,181 3.71,1.108
        tei_id: null
        table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
    reported_test:
      test: t
      t: 0.987
      df1: 362.0
      p: 0.243
      provenance:
        page: 8
        quote: Differences are not significant between groups, t (362)=.987, p=.243
    effect_size:
      metric: SMD
      d: 0.110436839422
      v: 0.011006188465
      computed_from: groups
      needs_review: false
      notes: Computed from Table 1 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
    quality_flags:
    - three vignettes, comparison between 1 and 2, and 1 and third
    notes: null
  - effect_id: s1_e2
    subgroup: Bank vs High Standards
    subgroup_desc: Agreement that Bruno's self-ascribed knowledge assertion is true (error-possibility salience / high standards)
    design: Between-Subjects
    design_other: null
    moderators:
      scenario: bank
      skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
      awareness: 'Yes'
      evidence: First Person
      attribution_person: First Person
      evidence_reliability: Medium
    moderators_coding:
      scenario:
        provenance:
          page: 7
          quote: High Standards ... Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on
            Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: Vignette is explicitly a bank-hours case ('the bank will be open on Saturday').
      skeptical_pressure:
        provenance:
          page: 7
          quote: "Sylvie says, “Banks are typically closed on Saturday. Maybe this bank won’t be open tomorrow either. Banks\
            \ can always change their hours, I remember that this\r\nbank used to have different hours.”"
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: High Standards probe explicitly introduces counterconsiderations/error possibilities about bank hours.
      awareness:
        provenance:
          page: 7
          quote: Although they generally like to deposit their paychecks as soon as possible, it is not especially important
            in this case that they be deposited right away.
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: Nothing suggests stakes are hidden from the subject; the vignette describes the (low) stakes context as part
          of the scenario.
      evidence:
        provenance:
          page: 7
          quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: Evidence is Bruno's own recent experience/memory of visiting the bank (first-person evidence).
      attribution_person:
        provenance:
          page: 7
          quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "...I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: The target knowledge claim is a first-person self-ascription ('I know...').
      evidence_reliability:
        provenance:
          page: 7
          quote: Bruno tells Sylvie, "I was just here last week and I know that the bank will be open on Saturday."
          tei_id: null
          table_ref: null
        reason: First-person evidence (memory)
    contrast:
      group_high: High_Standards
      group_low: Bank
      sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
      other_notes: 'Test 2: baseline Bank vs High Standards (salient error possibilities)'
    groups:
    - group_id: Bank
      label: null
      n: 183
      mean: 3.83
      sd: 1.065
      se: null
      provenance:
        page: 10
        quote: Bank,183 3.83,1.065
        tei_id: null
        table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
    - group_id: High_Standards
      label: null
      n: 180
      mean: 3.64
      sd: 1.102
      se: null
      provenance:
        page: 10
        quote: High standards,180 3.64,1.102
        tei_id: null
        table_ref: tabula_stream_p10_t1.csv
    reported_test:
      test: t
      t: 1.637
      df1: 361.0
      p: 0.14
      provenance:
        page: 9
        quote: Differences are not significant between groups, t (361)=1.637, p=.140
    effect_size:
      metric: SMD
      d: 0.175356957931
      v: 0.011062626544
      computed_from: groups
      needs_review: false
      notes: Computed from Table 1 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
    quality_flags: []
    notes: null
  notes: null
