Supplementary Materials

A. The original materials in Chinese

Experiment 1

1）银行案例
     【低风险】今天是星期五，也是约翰工作的餐厅发放工资的日子。这家餐馆的工资是以现
金的形式发放的，所以约翰打算下班后把赚到的工资都存到银行里去。但是当他开车经过银行
的时候，他发现银行里挤满了等待办理业务的人。
   虽然约翰平时都习惯把赚到的工资尽快存进银行里，但是这笔钱其实也并不是非得要这几
天存。早存晚存对他来说都不会有任何影响。他也知道这家银行星期天是不开门的。
   由于银行里面的人实在是太多了，约翰打算直接回家，明天（周六）早上再来银行存钱。
很多银行周六是不开门的，但是约翰记得他在半年前的一个周六早上来过这家银行，当时这家
银行是开门的。约翰相信这家银行周六是开门的。

     【高风险】今天是星期五，也是约翰工作的餐厅发放工资的日子。这家餐馆的工资是以现
金的形式发放的，所以约翰打算下班后把赚到的工资都存到银行里去。但是当他开车经过银行
的时候，他发现银行里挤满了等待办理业务的人。
   约翰每个月的房租都是通过银行自动打给房东的，如果他没能在周一之前把这笔钱存入银
行，这个月的房租就会因为银行卡余额不足而无法按时支付。他的房东是个特别严厉的人，如
果他不能按时支付房租，就肯定会立马被赶出去。能不能在周一之前把钱存进银行对约翰来说
并非常重要。他也知道这家银行星期天是不开门的。
   由于银行里面的人实在是太多了，约翰打算直接回家，明天（周六）早上再来银行存钱。
很多银行周六是不开门的，但是约翰记得他在半年前的一个周六早上来过这家银行，当时这家
银行是开门的。约翰相信这家银行周六是开门的。



请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？
A. 约翰知道这家银行周六是开门的。约翰有必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行的营业时
间。
B. 约翰知道这家银行周六是开门的。约翰没必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行的营业时
间。
C. 约翰不知道这家银行周六是不是开门。约翰有必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行的营
业时间。
D. 约翰不知道这家银行周六是不是开门。约翰没必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行的营
业时间。


约翰需要在什么时间把钱存进银行？
¡    下周一之前
¡    下周三之前
¡    下周五之前
¡    什么时间都可以



2）机场案例
     【低风险】约翰是一名移植器官运送员。
    今天是周六，他从今天开始休假。如果他能在今天搭上一班直飞芝加哥的航班, 那他就来
得及去芝加哥看一场篮球比赛。但必须是直飞才行: 如果中途需要转机, 那么他就来不及去看篮
球比赛了,但他还来得及去芝加哥看一场曲棍球比赛。约翰并不在意自己看的是篮球比赛还是曲
棍球比赛。
    当他查看航空公司的网站时, 他看到今天有一班直飞芝加哥的航班。网上的预订信息有时
是不准确的。但是约翰记得他在两个星期前的周六搭乘过这家航空公司飞往芝加哥的航班, 航
班是直飞的。所以，约翰相信这班航班是直飞的。


     【高风险】约翰是一名移植器官运送员。

    今天是周六，他今天的工作是运送肝脏。如果他能在今天搭上一班直飞芝加哥的航班，他

就来得及把器官交给芝加哥的病人。但必须是直飞才行: 如果中途需要转机，那么他运送的器

官在到达芝加哥之前就会失去活性，这样的话，他就应该搭乘汽车把肝脏先送往附近的医院。

    当他查看航空公司的网站时，他看到今天有一班直飞芝加哥的航班。网上的预订信息有时

是不准确的。但是约翰记得他在两个星期前的周六搭乘过这家航空公司飞往芝加哥的航班，航

班是直飞的。所以，约翰相信这班航班是直飞的。



请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 约翰知道这班航班是直飞的。约翰有必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班的信

息。

B. 约翰知道这班航班是直飞的。约翰没必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班的信

息。

C. 约翰不知道这班航班是不是直飞的。约翰有必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班

的信息。

D. 约翰不知道这班航班是不是直飞的。约翰没必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班

的信息。
约翰今天的工作是什么？

¡   整理材料

¡   运送肝脏

¡   清洗试管

¡   他今天休假没有工作



拼写案例
    【低风险】约翰是一个聪明又勤奋的学生。他刚刚完成了一篇语言学的课程作业。这篇作
业最迟明天就要交。
    他的语言学老师只是要求大家上交一份粗略的大纲，了解一下大家感兴趣的问题和目前对
课程的掌握情况。所以就算作业里有几个错别字也不会有什么关系，对于这门课程的成绩也不
会有任何影响。约翰只是希望自己上交的作业里没有错别字。
    虽然约翰平时都不怎么写错别字，写完课程作业后他还是对着字典把作业仔细检查了两
遍。约翰相信这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了。

    【高风险】约翰是一个既聪明又勤奋的学生。他刚刚完成了一篇语言学的课程作业。这篇
作业最迟明天就要交。
    他的语言学老师十分严格，她曾明确表示过，课程作业一旦有错别字，这门课的成绩就会
低于 A。这门课是否拿 A 关系到约翰能否继续获得奖学金。如果没有这笔奖学金，他将会因为
无法支付学费而被退学。约翰的家庭为了他能够上大学作出了很多牺牲，退学对他和他的家人
来说都是极大的打击。所以约翰必须确保自己上交的作业里一个错别字也没有。
    虽然约翰平时都不怎么写错别字，写完课程作业后他还是对着字典把作业仔细检查了两
遍。约翰相信这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了



请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 约翰知道这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了。约翰有必要在上交作业前把文章再检查一遍。

B. 约翰知道这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了。约翰没必要在上交作业前把文章再检查一遍。

C. 约翰不知道这篇课程作业里还有没有错别字。约翰有必要在上交作业前把文章再检查一遍。

D. 约翰不知道这篇课程作业里还有没有错别字。约翰没必要在上交作业前把作业再检查一遍。



如果约翰上交的作业里有错别字会导致什么后果？

¡   他会被退学
¡   他会被家长批评

¡   他会被要求重写一篇课程作业

¡   不会有什么后果




Experiment 2

1）银行案例

请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？
A. 约翰知道这家银行周六是开门的。约翰有必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行周六是否
开门。
B. 约翰知道这家银行周六是开门的。约翰没必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行周六是否
开门。
C. 约翰不知道这家银行周六是不是开门。约翰有必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行周六
是否开门。
D. 约翰不知道这家银行周六是不是开门。约翰没必要在回家前想办法再确认一下这家银行周六
是否开门。



2）机场案例

请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 约翰知道这班航班是直飞的。约翰有必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班是否是

直飞。

B. 约翰知道这班航班是直飞的。约翰没必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班是否是

直飞。

C. 约翰不知道这班航班是不是直飞的。约翰有必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班

是否是直飞。

D. 约翰不知道这班航班是不是直飞的。约翰没必要在买票去机场前想办法再确认一下这班航班

是否是直飞。



3）拼写案例

请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 约翰知道这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了。约翰有必要在上交作业前再检查一遍作业里是

否有错别字。
B. 约翰知道这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了。约翰没必要在上交作业前再检查一遍作业里是

否有错别字。

C. 约翰不知道这篇课程作业里还有没有错别字。约翰有必要在上交作业前再检查一遍作业里是

否有错别字。

D. 约翰不知道这篇课程作业里还有没有错别字。约翰没必要在上交作业前再检查一遍作业里是

否有错别字。




Experiment 3

1）银行案例
   【低风险】今天是星期五，也是约翰工作的餐厅发放工资的日子。这家餐馆的工资是以现
金的形式发放的，所以约翰打算下班后把赚到的工资都存到银行里去。但是当他开车经过银行
的时候，他发现银行里挤满了等待办理业务的人。
   虽然约翰平时都习惯把赚到的工资尽快存进银行里，但是这笔钱其实也并不是非得要这几
天存。早存晚存对他来说都不会有任何影响。另外这家银行周日是不开门的，约翰也很清楚这
一点。
   由于银行里面的人实在是太多了，约翰考虑是不是明天（周六）早上再来银行存钱。很多
银行周六是不开门的，但是约翰记得他在半年前的一个周六早上来过这家银行，当时这家银行
是开门的。约翰相信这家银行周六是开门的。

   【高风险】今天是星期五，也是约翰工作的餐厅发放工资的日子。这家餐馆的工资是以现
金的形式发放的，所以约翰打算下班后把赚到的工资都存到银行里去。但是当他开车经过银行
的时候，他发现银行里挤满了等待办理业务的人。
   约翰每个月的房租都是通过银行自动打给房东的，如果他没能在周一之前把这笔钱存入银
行，这个月的房租就会因为银行卡余额不足而无法按时支付。他的房东是个特别严厉的人，如
果他不能按时支付房租，就肯定会立马被赶出去。能不能在周一之前把钱存进银行对约翰来说
并非常重要。另外这家银行周日是不开门的，约翰也很清楚这一点。
   由于银行里面的人实在是太多了，约翰考虑是不是明天（周六）早上再来银行存钱。很多
银行周六是不开门的，但是约翰记得他在半年前的一个周六早上来过这家银行，当时这家银行
是开门的。约翰相信这家银行周六是开门的。



请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 不去再确认一下这家银行的营业时间约翰也知道这家银行周六是开门的。

B. 不去再确认一下这家银行的营业时间约翰就不知道这家银行周六是不是开门。
2）机场案例

请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 不去再确认一下这班航班的信息约翰也知道这班航班是直飞的。

B. 不去再确认一下这班航班的信息约翰就不知道这班航班是不是直飞的。



3）拼写案例

请问以下哪个描述最符合约翰目前的情况？

A. 不把文章再检查一遍约翰也知道这篇课程作业里已经没有错别字了。

B. 不把文章再检查一遍约翰就不知道这篇课程作业里还有没有错别字。




B. The translated stimuli materials in English
Experiment 1
1) the Bank cases
【low stake】Today is Friday, and it’s the payday of the restaurant where John

works. Because the salary at this restaurant is paid in cash, John intends to deposit this
money in the bank after work. However, when he arrives at the bank, he finds that the
bank is packed with people waiting in line.
    Although John is used to depositing his salary in the bank as quickly as feasible,
this money does not require to be deposited these days. For him, it makes no
difference to deposit it early or later. In addition, he knows that the bank is closed on
Sundays.
    Because there are so many people waiting in the bank, John decides to go home
and deposit money the following tomorrow (Saturday) morning. Many banks are
closed on Saturdays, but John remembers that he came to the bank on a Saturday
morning half a year ago and found it open. John believes the bank is open on
Saturday.
【high stake】Today is Friday, and it’s the payday of the restaurant where John

works. Because the salary at this restaurant is paid in cash, John intends to deposit this
money in the bank after work. However, when he arrives at the bank, he finds that the
bank is packed with people waiting in line.
    John’s rent is automatically transferred to his landlord by his bank every month.
If he fails to deposit this money in the bank by Monday, his rent will not be paid on
time due to insufficient funds in his account. His landlord is very strict. If he does not
pay the rent on time, he will be evicted immediately. It’s very important for John to
deposit this money in the bank by Monday. In addition, he knows that the bank is
closed on Sundays.
    Because there are so many people waiting in the bank, John decides to go home
and deposit money the following tomorrow (Saturday) morning. Many banks are
closed on Saturdays, but John remembers that he came to the bank on a Saturday
morning half a year ago and found it open. John believes the bank is open on
Saturday.


Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows the bank is open on Saturday. It is necessary for John to check the
opening hour of the bank before going home.
B. John knows the bank is open on Saturday. It is not necessary for John to check the
opening hour of the bank before going home.
C. John does not know if the bank is open on Saturday. It is necessary for John to
check the opening hour of the bank before going home.
D. John does not know if the bank is open on Saturday. It is not necessary for John to
check the opening hour of the bank before going home.


When should John deposit the money in the bank?
¡ Before next Monday.
¡ Anytime will be fine.
¡ Before next Wednesday.
¡ Before next Friday.


2) the Airport cases


【low stake】John is an organ courier.

    Today is Saturday, and he will take a vacation from today. If he can catch a direct
flight to Chicago today, he will be in time to watch a basketball game in Chicago. But
it must be a direct flight: if he needs to change planes midway, he will not be in time
to watch a basketball game, but he will be still in time to watch a hockey game in
Chicago. John doesn’t care whether he will watch a basketball game or a hockey
game.
    When he checks the airline’s website, he sees that there is a direct flight to
Chicago today. Online booking information is sometimes inaccurate. But John
remembered that he had taken this airline’s flight to Chicago on Saturday two weeks
ago. The flight was a direct one. So, John believes this flight is direct.


【high stake】John is an organ courier.

    Today is Saturday, and his job today is transporting a liver. If he can catch a
direct flight to Chicago today, he will be in time to deliver the organ to a patient in
Chicago. But it must be a direct flight: if he needs to change planes midway, the organ
he transported will be inactivated before arriving in Chicago. If that is the case, he
should take a bus to deliver the liver to a nearby hospital first.
    When he checks the airline’s website, he sees that there is a direct flight to
Chicago today. Online booking information is sometimes inaccurate. But John
remembered that he had taken this airline’s flight to Chicago on Saturday two weeks
ago. The flight was a direct one. So, John believes this flight is direct.


Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows that this flight is direct. It is necessary for John to reconfirm the flight
information before buying a ticket and going to the airport.
B. John knows that this flight is direct. It is not necessary for John to reconfirm the
flight information before buying a ticket and going to the airport.
C. John does not know if the flight is direct. It is necessary for John to reconfirm the
flight information before buying a ticket and going to the airport.
D. John does not know if the flight is direct. It is not necessary for John to reconfirm
the flight information before buying a ticket and going to the airport.


What is John’s job today?
¡ Organizing materials
¡ Transporting a liver
¡ Cleaning the test tubes
¡ He is on vacation today with no job to do


3) the Spelling cases
【low stake】John is a smart and diligent student. He has just finished the
coursework for the linguistics course. This coursework is due tomorrow.
    His linguistics teacher just asked them to hand in a rough outline to know the
issues they are interested in and their current level of the course. So even if there are a
few typos in the coursework, it will not matter, nor will it affect their grade in this
course. John just hopes that there is no typo in his homework.
    Although John doesn’t often make mistakes in spelling, he checked his
coursework twice with a dictionary after finishing his coursework. John believes there
are no typos in his coursework.


【high stake】John is a smart and diligent student. He has just finished the
coursework for the linguistics course. This coursework is due tomorrow.
    His linguistics teacher is very strict. She has made it clear that once there is a typo
in this coursework, the grade of this course will be lower than A. Whether John gets
an A in this course concerns whether he can continue to have the scholarship. Without
this scholarship, he will be expelled because he cannot pay the tuition. John’s family
made a lot of sacrifices so that he could go to college. Dropping out of school was a
great blow to him and his family. So, John must be sure that there is no typo in his
coursework.
    Although John doesn’t often make mistakes in spelling, he checked his
coursework twice with a dictionary after finishing his coursework. John believes there
are no typos in his coursework.


Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows there is no typo in the coursework. It is necessary for John to go over
his coursework before handing it in.
B. John knows there is no typo in the coursework. It is not necessary for John to go
over his coursework before handing it in.
C. John does not know if there is no typo in the coursework. It is necessary for John to
go over his coursework before handing it in.
D. John does not know if there is no typo in the coursework. It is not necessary for
John to go over his coursework before handing it in.


What will happen if there are typos in John’s coursework?
¡ He will be expelled
¡ He will be criticized by his parents
¡ He will be asked to rewrite the coursework
¡ There won’t be any consequences


Experiment 2
1) the Bank cases
Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows the bank is open on Saturday. It is necessary for John to check whether
the bank is open on Saturday before going home.
B. John knows the bank is open on Saturday. It is not necessary for John to check
whether the bank is open on Saturday before going home.
C. John does not know if the bank is open on Saturday. It is necessary for John to
check whether the bank is open on Saturday before going home.
D. John does not know if the bank is open on Saturday. It is not necessary for John to
check whether the bank is open on Saturday before going home.


2) the Airport cases
Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows that this flight is direct. It is necessary for John to reconfirm whether
this flight is direct before buying a ticket and going to the airport.
B. John knows that this flight is direct. It is not necessary for John to reconfirm
whether this flight is direct before buying a ticket and going to the airport.
C. John does not know if the flight is direct. It is necessary for John to reconfirm
whether this flight is direct before buying a ticket and going to the airport.
D. John does not know if the flight is direct. It is not necessary for John to reconfirm
whether this flight is direct before buying a ticket and going to the airport.


3) the Spelling cases
Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows there is no typo in the coursework. It is necessary for John to go over
his coursework for typos before handing it in.
B. John knows there is no typo in the coursework. It is not necessary for John to go
over his coursework for typos before handing it in.
C. John does not know if there is no typo in the coursework. It is necessary for John to
go over his coursework for typos before handing it in.
D. John does not know if there is no typo in the coursework. It is not necessary for
John to go over his coursework for typos before handing it in.


Experiment 3
1) the Bank cases
【low stake】Today is Friday, and it’s the payday of the restaurant where John

works. Because the salary at this restaurant is paid in cash, John intends to deposit this
money in the bank after work. However, when he arrives at the bank, he finds that the
bank is packed with people waiting in line.
    Although John is used to depositing his salary in the bank as quickly as feasible,
this money does not require to be deposited these days. For him, it makes no
difference to deposit it early or later. In addition, the bank is closed on Sundays, and
John is pretty clear about that.
    Because there are so many people waiting in the bank, John wonders if he should
come back to the bank tomorrow (Saturday) morning to deposit money. Many banks
are closed on Saturdays, but John remembers that he came to the bank on a Saturday
morning half a year ago and found it open. John believes the bank is open on
Saturday.


【high stake】Today is Friday, and it’s the payday of the restaurant where John

works. Because the salary at this restaurant is paid in cash, John intends to deposit this
money in the bank after work. However, when he arrives at the bank, he finds that the
bank is packed with people waiting in line.
    John’s rent is automatically transferred to his landlord by his bank every month.
If he fails to deposit this money in the bank by Monday, his rent will not be paid on
time due to insufficient funds in his account. His landlord is very strict. If he does not
pay the rent on time, he will be evicted immediately. It’s very important for John to
deposit this money in the bank by Monday. In addition, the bank is closed on
Sundays, and John is pretty clear about that.
    Because there are so many people waiting in the bank, John wonders if he should
come back to the bank tomorrow (Saturday) morning to deposit money. Many banks
are closed on Saturdays, but John remembers that he came to the bank on a Saturday
morning half a year ago and found it open. John believes the bank is open on
Saturday.
Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows the bank is open on Saturday without checking the opening hour of the
bank.
B. John does not know if the bank is open on Saturday without checking the opening
hour of the bank.


2) the Airport cases
Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows that this flight is direct without reconfirming the flight information.
B. John does not know if the flight is direct without reconfirming the flight
information.


3) the Spelling cases
Which of the following descriptions best fits John’s current situation?
A. John knows there is no typo in the coursework without going over his coursework
again.
B. John does not know if there is no typo in the coursework without going over his
coursework again.