grindrodetalndthirdpersonknowledge
/data/papers/grindrodetalndthirdpersonknowledge/grindrodetalndthirdpersonknowledge.yamlschema_version: '1.2'
paper:
paper_id: grindrodetalndthirdpersonknowledge
citation: 'Grindrod, J., Andow, J., & Hansen, N. (2019). Third-Person Knowledge Ascriptions: A Crucial Experiment for Contextualism.
Mind & Language, 34(2), 158-182.'
short_label: Grindrod et al. 2019
doi: 10.1111/mila.12196
published: 'Yes'
year: 2019
language: English
language_other: null
research_objective: Test whether shifting the context of *third-person* knowledge ascriptions (low vs high context, varying
stakes/error-possibility cues for the ascriber) changes truth-value judgments for positive vs negative knowledge attributions
across two knowledge scenarios (Neighbor, Sunshine) and a follow-up Revised Neighbor scenario.
data_availability:
data_available_online: null
url: null
notes: null
notes: Published in Mind & Language, 34(2), 158-182 (2019); public records also list online publication on July 5, 2018.
The pipeline-extracted header line 'Published on February 10, 2010' is erroneous and ignored.
studies:
- study_id: 1
label: 'Experiment 1: Third-person knowledge ascriptions (Neighbor + Sunshine)'
language: English
language_other: null
objective: Evaluate whether context (Low vs High) interacts with sentence polarity (positive vs negative knowledge ascription)
for third-person knowledge attributions in two knowledge scenarios (Neighbor, Sunshine), using a block design enabling
both within-subject analyses (all responses) and between-subject emulation (first-block responses).
sample:
n_final: 431
recruitment: mTurk
recruitment_other: null
compensation: money
compensation_other: $0.30
characteristics: Amazon Mechanical Turk participants; location restricted to United States; approval rate >=95%; >=50
HITs approved; attention-check failures excluded.
mean_age: 35.94
mean_age_prov:
page: null
quote: The mean age of participants was 35.94.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
provenance:
page: null
quote: In total, 557 participants were recruited using Amazon MTurk... The survey remained open until 431 of participants
completed the survey... Those who completed the survey were paid $.30.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
design: null
design_other: 'Mixed: within-subjects (all 16 stories) plus between-subjects emulation using first-block responses via the
Hansen & Chemla (2013) block design.'
manipulated_factors:
- Polarity (positive vs negative knowledge ascription sentence)
- Scenario type (Neighbor vs Sunshine)
- Context (Low vs High; higher stakes + explicit error-possibility cues for the ascriber)
paradigm: Agreement that a sentence is true
paradigm_other: null
scale:
label: visual analog scale
points: null
anchors: 0 (False) to 100 (True) sliding scale
direction: Higher numbers indicate judging the target sentence as more true.
provenance:
page: null
quote: Participants... judg[ed] whether the claim... were true or false using a sliding scale from 0 (False) to 100
(True).
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
measures:
knowledge_question_text: Judge whether the claim made by the bolded target sentence is true or false (0–100 sliding scale).
knowledge_question_first: null
additional_question_text: null
scenarios: []
effects:
- effect_id: s1_e1
subgroup: Knowledge-Neighbor (positive; first-block)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a positive third-person knowledge attribution in the Neighbor
scenario (first-block between-subjects emulation): Low vs High context.'
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Uses first-block (between-subjects emulation) group statistics from Table 7.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and her partner Alfie are in a long-running dispute with their neighbor because the neighbor keeps
knocking over Kristin and Alfie's garbage can...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos); coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: But the garbage can could have been knocked over by someone else. Are you sure your neighbor did it?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit doubt/counterconsiderations.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: As part of a kidnapping investigation... it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on
this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee’s evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin knows that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge attribution ('Kristin knows...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: Context manipulation bundles higher stakes for the ascriber plus explicit error-possibility cues.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, positive sentence (first-block)
n: 105
mean: 71.9
sd: 33.69
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Neighbor, Pos: Low N=105, Mean=71.90, SD=33.69.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, positive sentence (first-block)
n: 107
mean: 36.83
sd: 38.49
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Neighbor, Pos: High N=107, Mean=36.83, SD=38.49.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.968984964360932
v: 0.021105155966708
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 7 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
quality_flags: []
notes: null
- effect_id: s1_e2
subgroup: Knowledge-Neighbor (negative; first-block)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a negative third-person knowledge attribution in the Neighbor
scenario (first-block between-subjects emulation): Low vs High context.'
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Uses first-block (between-subjects emulation) group statistics from Table 7.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and her partner Alfie are in a long-running dispute with their neighbor because the neighbor keeps
knocking over Kristin and Alfie's garbage can...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos); coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: But the garbage can could have been knocked over by someone else. Are you sure your neighbor did it?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit doubt/counterconsiderations.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: As part of a kidnapping investigation... it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on
this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee’s evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin doesn't know that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge denial about Kristin ('Kristin doesn't know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: other
other_notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings were manually reverse-coded for the meta-analytic knowledge-attribution direction;
context manipulation bundles higher stakes for the ascriber plus explicit error-possibility cues.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, negative sentence (first-block)
n: 121
mean: 48.36
sd: 41.17
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Neighbor, Neg: Low N=121, Mean=48.36, SD=41.17.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, negative sentence (first-block)
n: 98
mean: 78.73
sd: 31.29
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Neighbor, Neg: High N=98, Mean=78.73, SD=31.29.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.819031051268486
v: 0.020014193896354
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 7 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups). Raw truth-rating d was
-0.819031051268486; YAML stores the reverse-coded value to align with knowledge-attribution direction.
quality_flags:
- negative_polarity_reverse_coded
notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings manually reverse-coded so positive d indicates stronger low-context knowledge attribution.
- effect_id: s1_e3
subgroup: Knowledge-Sunshine (positive; first-block)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a positive third-person knowledge attribution in the Sunshine
scenario (first-block between-subjects emulation): Low vs High context.'
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Uses first-block (between-subjects emulation) group statistics from Table 7.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: External
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Later, Bob meets his friend Rocco... a big outdoor charity fundraiser for the local children's hospital...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette concerns a weather forecast/sunshine prediction tied to a fundraiser (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: The website he looked at isn't always right about the weather.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions explicitly introduce doubt about the evidence source.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: If he doesn't raise a million dollars at the fundraiser, the hospital will have to close down.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-stakes consequences are explicitly described as part of the situation at the time of the ascription.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee’s evidence is an online forecast/website (external source).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence knows that it's going to be sunny tomorrow.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge attribution about Terence ('Terence knows...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The underlying basis is an online forecast, an ordinary but fallible external source, so reliability is coded
Medium; the high-context doubt cue is captured separately as skeptical_pressure.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: Context manipulation bundles higher stakes for the ascriber plus explicit error-possibility cues.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, positive sentence (first-block)
n: 121
mean: 72.67
sd: 34.15
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Sunshine, Pos: Low N=121, Mean=72.67, SD=34.15.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, positive sentence (first-block)
n: 98
mean: 63.23
sd: 35.56
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Sunshine, Pos: High N=98, Mean=63.23, SD=35.56.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.271363082187571
v: 0.018638217074769
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 7 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
quality_flags: []
notes: null
- effect_id: s1_e4
subgroup: Knowledge-Sunshine (negative; first-block)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a negative third-person knowledge attribution in the Sunshine
scenario (first-block between-subjects emulation): Low vs High context.'
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Uses first-block (between-subjects emulation) group statistics from Table 7.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: External
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Later, Bob meets his friend Rocco... a big outdoor charity fundraiser for the local children's hospital...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette concerns a weather forecast/sunshine prediction tied to a fundraiser (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: The website he looked at isn't always right about the weather.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions explicitly introduce doubt about the evidence source.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: If he doesn't raise a million dollars at the fundraiser, the hospital will have to close down.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-stakes consequences are explicitly described as part of the situation at the time of the ascription.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee’s evidence is an online forecast/website (external source).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence doesn't know that it's going to be sunny tomorrow.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge denial about Terence ('Terence doesn't know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The underlying basis is an online forecast, an ordinary but fallible external source, so reliability is coded
Medium; the high-context doubt cue is captured separately as skeptical_pressure.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: other
other_notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings were manually reverse-coded for the meta-analytic knowledge-attribution direction;
context manipulation bundles higher stakes for the ascriber plus explicit error-possibility cues.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, negative sentence (first-block)
n: 105
mean: 43.27
sd: 40.94
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Sunshine, Neg: Low N=105, Mean=43.27, SD=40.94.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, negative sentence (first-block)
n: 107
mean: 54.86
sd: 36.82
se: null
provenance:
page: 15
quote: 'Knowledge-Sunshine, Neg: High N=107, Mean=54.86, SD=36.82.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p15_t3.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.297829073010157
v: 0.019080799527595
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 7 group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups). Raw truth-rating d was
-0.297829073010157; YAML stores the reverse-coded value to align with knowledge-attribution direction.
quality_flags:
- negative_polarity_reverse_coded
notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings manually reverse-coded so positive d indicates stronger low-context knowledge attribution.
- effect_id: s1_e5
subgroup: Knowledge-Neighbor (positive; all responses)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a positive third-person knowledge attribution in the Neighbor
scenario (all responses within-subject): Low vs High context.'
design: Within-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 6 all-response means/SDs plus paired-samples t test from the within-subject analysis.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and her partner Alfie are in a long-running dispute with their neighbor because the neighbor keeps
knocking over Kristin and Alfie's garbage can...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos); coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: But the garbage can could have been knocked over by someone else. Are you sure your neighbor did it?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit doubt/counterconsiderations.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: As part of a kidnapping investigation... it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on
this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee's evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin knows that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge attribution ('Kristin knows...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: Within-subject all-response contrast; same participants rated both low- and high-context variants.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, positive sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 54.38
sd: 39.9
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Neighbor Positive: Low Mean=54.38, SD=39.90.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, positive sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 37.45
sd: 38.22
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Neighbor Positive: High Mean=37.45, SD=38.22.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.433335546696026
v: 0.002166032865867
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd using within_smcrp_t (paired t used to recover within-person r); supplemental
within-subject all-response effect retained alongside the primary first-block between-subject effect.
quality_flags: []
notes: Supplemental within-subject all-response analysis.
- effect_id: s1_e6
subgroup: Knowledge-Neighbor (negative; all responses)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a negative third-person knowledge attribution in the Neighbor
scenario (all responses within-subject): Low vs High context.'
design: Within-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 6 all-response means/SDs plus paired-samples t test from the within-subject analysis.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and her partner Alfie are in a long-running dispute with their neighbor because the neighbor keeps
knocking over Kristin and Alfie's garbage can...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos); coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: But the garbage can could have been knocked over by someone else. Are you sure your neighbor did it?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit doubt/counterconsiderations.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: As part of a kidnapping investigation... it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on
this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee's evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin doesn't know that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge denial about Kristin ('Kristin doesn't know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: other
other_notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings were manually reverse-coded for the meta-analytic knowledge-attribution direction;
within-subject all-response contrast; same participants rated both low- and high-context variants.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, negative sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 61.75
sd: 38.97
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Neighbor Negative: Low Mean=61.75, SD=38.97.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, negative sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 72.23
sd: 35.91
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Neighbor Negative: High Mean=72.23, SD=35.91.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.279681096460002
v: 0.002060151214684
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd using within_smcrp_t (paired t used to recover within-person r); raw truth-rating
d was -0.279681096460002 and YAML stores the reverse-coded value to align with knowledge-attribution direction; supplemental
within-subject all-response effect retained alongside the primary first-block between-subject effect.
quality_flags:
- negative_polarity_reverse_coded
notes: Supplemental within-subject all-response analysis; negative-polarity truth ratings manually reverse-coded.
- effect_id: s1_e7
subgroup: Knowledge-Sunshine (positive; all responses)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a positive third-person knowledge attribution in the Sunshine
scenario (all responses within-subject): Low vs High context.'
design: Within-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 6 all-response means/SDs plus paired-samples t test from the within-subject analysis.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: External
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Later, Bob meets his friend Rocco... a big outdoor charity fundraiser for the local children's hospital...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette concerns a weather forecast/sunshine prediction tied to a fundraiser (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: The website he looked at isn't always right about the weather.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions explicitly introduce doubt about the evidence source.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: If he doesn't raise a million dollars at the fundraiser, the hospital will have to close down.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-stakes consequences are explicitly described as part of the situation at the time of the ascription.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee's evidence is an online forecast/website (external source).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence knows that it's going to be sunny tomorrow.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge attribution about Terence ('Terence knows...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The underlying basis is an online forecast, an ordinary but fallible external source, so reliability is coded
Medium; the high-context doubt cue is captured separately as skeptical_pressure.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: Within-subject all-response contrast; same participants rated both low- and high-context variants.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, positive sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 65.42
sd: 35.64
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Sunshine Positive: Low Mean=65.42, SD=35.64.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, positive sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 54.37
sd: 37.31
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Sunshine Positive: High Mean=54.37, SD=37.31.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.302867873807517
v: 0.002892628746778
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd using within_smcrp_t (paired t used to recover within-person r); supplemental
within-subject all-response effect retained alongside the primary first-block between-subject effect.
quality_flags: []
notes: Supplemental within-subject all-response analysis.
- effect_id: s1_e8
subgroup: Knowledge-Sunshine (negative; all responses)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a negative third-person knowledge attribution in the Sunshine
scenario (all responses within-subject): Low vs High context.'
design: Within-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 6 all-response means/SDs plus paired-samples t test from the within-subject analysis.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: External
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Later, Bob meets his friend Rocco... a big outdoor charity fundraiser for the local children's hospital...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette concerns a weather forecast/sunshine prediction tied to a fundraiser (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: The website he looked at isn't always right about the weather.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions explicitly introduce doubt about the evidence source.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: If he doesn't raise a million dollars at the fundraiser, the hospital will have to close down.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-stakes consequences are explicitly described as part of the situation at the time of the ascription.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee's evidence is an online forecast/website (external source).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence doesn't know that it's going to be sunny tomorrow.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge denial about Terence ('Terence doesn't know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Terence checked the weather online and it said it is going to be sunny.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The underlying basis is an online forecast, an ordinary but fallible external source, so reliability is coded
Medium; the high-context doubt cue is captured separately as skeptical_pressure.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: other
other_notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings were manually reverse-coded for the meta-analytic knowledge-attribution direction;
within-subject all-response contrast; same participants rated both low- and high-context variants.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, negative sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 47.61
sd: 39.98
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Sunshine Negative: Low Mean=47.61, SD=39.98.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, negative sentence (all responses)
n: 431
mean: 57.34
sd: 37.31
se: null
provenance:
page: 12
quote: 'Table 6, Knowledge-Sunshine Negative: High Mean=57.34, SD=37.31.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p12_t2.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.251628915397032
v: 0.001740597883355
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd using within_smcrp_t (paired t used to recover within-person r); raw truth-rating
d was -0.251628915397032 and YAML stores the reverse-coded value to align with knowledge-attribution direction; supplemental
within-subject all-response effect retained alongside the primary first-block between-subject effect.
quality_flags:
- negative_polarity_reverse_coded
notes: Supplemental within-subject all-response analysis; negative-polarity truth ratings manually reverse-coded.
notes: null
- study_id: 2
label: 'Experiment 2: Revised Neighbor'
language: English
language_other: null
objective: Follow-up experiment removing a potential confound in the original Neighbor scenario; test whether context (Low
vs High) and polarity (positive vs negative) interact for third-person knowledge attributions in the revised Neighbor
vignette.
sample:
n_final: 402
recruitment: mTurk
recruitment_other: null
compensation: money
compensation_other: $0.30
characteristics: Amazon Mechanical Turk participants; location restricted to United States; approval rate >=95%; >=50
HITs approved; attention-check failures excluded.
mean_age: 35.87
mean_age_prov:
page: null
quote: The mean age of participants was 35.87.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
provenance:
page: null
quote: We recruited 596 participants on Amazon's Mechanical Turk... paid $.30... The survey remained open until 402
participants completed the survey...
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
design: null
design_other: 'Mixed: within-subjects (all Neighbor variants) plus between-subjects emulation using the first scenario/first-block
presentation.'
manipulated_factors:
- Polarity (positive vs negative knowledge ascription sentence)
- Context (Low vs High; higher stakes + explicit error-possibility cues for the ascriber)
paradigm: Agreement that a sentence is true
paradigm_other: null
scale:
label: visual analog scale
points: null
anchors: 0 (False) to 100 (True) sliding scale
direction: Higher numbers indicate judging the target sentence as more true.
provenance:
page: null
quote: Experiment 2 used... the same continuous scale truth-value judgment task.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
measures:
knowledge_question_text: Judge whether the claim made by the bolded target sentence is true or false (0–100 sliding scale).
knowledge_question_first: null
additional_question_text: null
scenarios: []
effects:
- effect_id: s2_e1
subgroup: Revised Neighbor (positive; when presented first)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a positive third-person knowledge attribution in the revised
Neighbor scenario (between-subjects emulation): Low vs High context, when presented first.'
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 8 ''When presented first'' group statistics.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: After Kristin goes to work Alfie gets a visit from the police... Does Kristin know that your neighbor knocked
over the garbage can?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute in a police investigation context (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: the garbage can could have been knocked over by a gust of wind or a raccoon
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit counterconsiderations/possibilities of error.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee’s evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin knows that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge attribution ('Kristin knows...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: Context manipulation bundles higher stakes for the ascriber plus explicit error-possibility cues.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, positive sentence (when presented first)
n: 107
mean: 49.77
sd: 42.48
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'Low, Positive: When presented first N=107, Mean=49.77, SD=42.48.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, positive sentence (when presented first)
n: 96
mean: 41.66
sd: 40.22
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'High, Positive: When presented first N=96, Mean=41.66, SD=40.22.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.195765059327109
v: 0.019857794289173
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 8 ('When presented first') group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
quality_flags: []
notes: null
- effect_id: s2_e2
subgroup: Revised Neighbor (negative; when presented first)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a negative third-person knowledge attribution in the revised
Neighbor scenario (between-subjects emulation): Low vs High context, when presented first.'
design: Between-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 8 ''When presented first'' group statistics.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: After Kristin goes to work Alfie gets a visit from the police... Does Kristin know that your neighbor knocked
over the garbage can?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute in a police investigation context (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: the garbage can could have been knocked over by a gust of wind or a raccoon
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit counterconsiderations/possibilities of error.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee’s evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin doesn't know that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge denial about Kristin ('Kristin doesn't know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: other
other_notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings were manually reverse-coded for the meta-analytic knowledge-attribution direction;
context manipulation bundles higher stakes for the ascriber plus explicit error-possibility cues.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, negative sentence (when presented first)
n: 102
mean: 52.91
sd: 41.29
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'Low, Negative: When presented first N=102, Mean=52.91, SD=41.29.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, negative sentence (when presented first)
n: 97
mean: 75.07
sd: 31.3
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'High, Negative: When presented first N=97, Mean=75.07, SD=31.30.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.602788532858641
v: 0.021035418232204
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed from Table 8 ('When presented first') group stats in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd (method=between_groups).
Raw truth-rating d was -0.602788532858641; YAML stores the reverse-coded value to align with knowledge-attribution
direction.
quality_flags:
- negative_polarity_reverse_coded
notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings manually reverse-coded so positive d indicates stronger low-context knowledge attribution.
- effect_id: s2_e3
subgroup: Revised Neighbor (positive; all responses)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a positive third-person knowledge attribution in the revised
Neighbor scenario (all responses within-subject): Low vs High context.'
design: Within-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 8 overall means/SDs plus paired-samples t test from the within-subject analysis.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: After Kristin goes to work Alfie gets a visit from the police... Does Kristin know that your neighbor knocked
over the garbage can?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute in a police investigation context (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: the garbage can could have been knocked over by a gust of wind or a raccoon
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit counterconsiderations/possibilities of error.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee's evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin knows that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge attribution ('Kristin knows...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: d = mean(low) - mean(high)
other_notes: Within-subject all-response contrast; same participants rated both low- and high-context variants.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, positive sentence (all responses)
n: 402
mean: 59.95
sd: 40.1
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'Table 8 Overall, Positive: Low Mean=59.95, SD=40.10.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, positive sentence (all responses)
n: 402
mean: 50.88
sd: 41.71
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'Table 8 Overall, Positive: High Mean=50.88, SD=41.71.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.22169035910049
v: 0.00153970173449
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd using within_smcrp_t (paired t used to recover within-person r); supplemental
within-subject all-response effect retained alongside the primary first-block between-subject effect.
quality_flags: []
notes: Supplemental within-subject all-response analysis.
- effect_id: s2_e4
subgroup: Revised Neighbor (negative; all responses)
subgroup_desc: 'Context effect on truth-value judgments for a negative third-person knowledge attribution in the revised
Neighbor scenario (all responses within-subject): Low vs High context.'
design: Within-Subjects
design_other: Uses Table 8 overall means/SDs plus paired-samples t test from the within-subject analysis.
moderators:
scenario: other
skeptical_pressure: 'Yes'
awareness: 'Yes'
evidence: First Person
attribution_person: Other
evidence_reliability: Medium
moderators_coding:
scenario:
provenance:
page: null
quote: After Kristin goes to work Alfie gets a visit from the police... Does Kristin know that your neighbor knocked
over the garbage can?
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The vignette is about a neighbor/garbage-can dispute in a police investigation context (not bank/peanuts/bridge/typos);
coded other.
skeptical_pressure:
provenance:
page: null
quote: the garbage can could have been knocked over by a gust of wind or a raccoon
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: High-context versions introduce explicit counterconsiderations/possibilities of error.
awareness:
provenance:
page: null
quote: it's really important for our investigation that we are clear on this.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascriber is explicitly presented as aware of the high-stakes consequences in the high-context version.
evidence:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: The ascribee's evidence is direct repeated observation (first-person).
attribution_person:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin doesn't know that he knocked it over.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Participants judge a third-person knowledge denial about Kristin ('Kristin doesn't know...').
evidence_reliability:
provenance:
page: null
quote: Kristin and Alfie have seen him do it many times.
tei_id: null
table_ref: null
reason: Repeated past observation plus inference to the current event is an ordinary but fallible epistemic basis, so
reliability is coded Medium.
contrast:
group_high: High
group_low: Low
sign_convention: other
other_notes: Negative-polarity truth ratings were manually reverse-coded for the meta-analytic knowledge-attribution direction;
within-subject all-response contrast; same participants rated both low- and high-context variants.
groups:
- group_id: Low
label: Low context, negative sentence (all responses)
n: 402
mean: 58.03
sd: 40.33
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'Table 8 Overall, Negative: Low Mean=58.03, SD=40.33.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
- group_id: High
label: High context, negative sentence (all responses)
n: 402
mean: 64.33
sd: 39.42
se: null
provenance:
page: 19
quote: 'Table 8 Overall, Negative: High Mean=64.33, SD=39.42.'
tei_id: null
table_ref: camelot_stream_p19_t4.csv
effect_size:
metric: SMD
d: 0.157983445773274
v: 0.001805428011897
computed_from: groups
needs_review: false
notes: Computed in analysis/effect_sizes.qmd using within_smcrp_t (paired t used to recover within-person r); raw truth-rating
d was -0.157983445773274 and YAML stores the reverse-coded value to align with knowledge-attribution direction; supplemental
within-subject all-response effect retained alongside the primary first-block between-subject effect.
quality_flags:
- negative_polarity_reverse_coded
notes: Supplemental within-subject all-response analysis; negative-polarity truth ratings manually reverse-coded.
notes: null